Para ahli prihatin atas kebisuan seputar kewajiban pemerintah untuk meninjau undang-undang pengawasan Inggris
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Para ahli prihatin atas kebisuan seputar kewajiban pemerintah untuk meninjau undang-undang pengawasan Inggris

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Pakar yang peduli menanyakan rencana apa yang harus dilakukan pemerintah untuk memenuhi kewajibannya meninjau undang-undang pengawasan ekstensif Inggris.

Kementerian Dalam Negeri diwajibkan secara hukum untuk meninjau operasi dari Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (IPA), dikenal luas sebagai piagam pengintai setelah lima setengah tahun.

Namun pakar keamanan informasi dan hukum mengatakan mereka khawatir bahwa pemerintah tidak memberikan indikasi tentang rencananya untuk meninjau kembali IPA – meskipun ada kekhawatiran yang meningkat atas kecukupan Undang-Undang tersebut.

Para ahli mengatakan ada kebutuhan mendesak untuk mereformasi Investigatory Powers Act agar bukti penyadapan dapat diterima dalam tuntutan pidana.

Mereka juga menyerukan penggunaan kecerdasan buatan dalam pengawasan untuk dinilai mengikuti kemajuan terobosan yang memungkinkan pengumpulan informasi yang lebih mengganggu.

Dan ada banyak pertanyaan tentang apakah IPA mematuhinya keputusan hukum oleh Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa yang mensyaratkan perlindungan end-to-end untuk pengumpulan sebagian besar komunikasi dan perlindungan untuk informasi jurnalistik yang diistimewakan.

Bukti penyadapan harus dapat diterima di pengadilan

Peter Sommerseorang ahli forensik komputer dan saksi ahli menasihati Joint Lords and Commons Select Committee yang melakukan pengawasan pra-legislatif terhadap draf RUU Kekuatan Investigasi pada tahun 2015 dan 2016.

Dia mengatakan kepada Computer Weekly ada kebutuhan yang jelas untuk mengubah cara IPA menangani pencegatan, yang tidak dapat digunakan sebagai bukti dalam penuntutan, setelah Operasi Venetic, investigasi terbesar Badan Kejahatan Nasional terhadap kejahatan terorganisir.

“Modifikasi paling jelas yang sekarang diperlukan adalah memperlakukan bukti penyadapan dengan cara yang sama seperti semua jenis bukti lainnya dan mengubah posisi saat ini di mana surat perintah dapat diperoleh untuk tujuan intelijen tetapi bukti penyadapan tidak dapat diterima dan tidak dapat dirujuk ke pengadilan,” dia berkata.

Penuntutan dilakukan di bawah Operasi Venetic, yang mengandalkan isi jutaan pesan dan foto yang diperoleh polisi Prancis pada tahun 2020 dari jaringan telepon terenkripsi yang dianggap aman, EncroChat, telah menghadapi kesulitan hukum atas diterimanya bukti yang dicegat.

Pengacara pembela telah mengeluarkan serangkaian gugatan hukum terhadap National Crime Agency atas diterimanya materi yang dicegat dari puluhan ribu telepon Encrochat di Inggris, di pengadilan bandingPengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa dan yang terbaru, Pengadilan Inggris Pengadilan Kekuatan Investigasi.

“Status saat ini menyebabkan masalah besar dalam penyelidikan terbesar NCA, Operasi Venetic, di mana ada keraguan yang cukup besar tentang status pesan dan foto EncroChat yang diperoleh. Apakah mereka dapat diterima atau tidak?” kata Sommers.

dr Ian Brownseorang spesialis keamanan informasi, mengatakan bahwa ada kebutuhan untuk kejelasan tentang apakah operasi interferensi peralatan berskala besar yang serupa dengan operasi terhadap EncroChat akan lebih sering digunakan oleh lembaga penegak hukum di masa mendatang.

Ada pertanyaan, katanya, apakah data apa pun yang diperoleh dari intersepsi real-time dapat diterima dalam persidangan pidana selama diperoleh dari peralatan digital, bukan dari sambungan radio analog atau kabel telepon. “Jika demikian, apakah diperlukan perlindungan lebih lanjut?”

Kecerdasan buatan

Pakar lain mengatakan bahwa pemerintah harus meninjau perkembangan kecerdasan buatan yang memungkinkan penegakan hukum dan badan intelijen untuk melakukan pengawasan massal yang lebih mengganggu sejak Investigatory Powers Act diberlakukan.

Eric Kind, seorang ahli dalam pengawasan dan hukum dan kebijakan publik, dan direktur pelaksana AWOsebuah badan hak data, mengatakan kepada Computer Weekly bahwa kecerdasan buatan dan pengaruhnya terhadap kekuatan pengawasan massal harus menjadi prioritas utama untuk setiap tinjauan.

“Kecerdasan buatan harus menjadi salah satu prioritas utama untuk ditinjau, karena banyaknya terobosan kemajuan sejak disahkannya IPA. Mereka memiliki kemampuan untuk secara signifikan mengubah keseimbangan privasi versus intrusi di seluruh Undang-Undang, tetapi yang paling menonjol berkaitan dengan kekuatan massal, ”katanya.

Keputusan pengadilan Eropa berdampak pada IPA

Pengacara dan kelompok privasi juga berpendapat bahwa IPA harus ditinjau kembali sehubungan dengan keputusan Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa yang menemukan kegagalan serius dalam rezim pengawasan Inggris sebelumnya, the Regulasi Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA).

SEBUAH keputusan Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa dalam kasus Big Brother Watch dan lainnya v Inggris pada tahun 2020, misalnya, menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah Investigatory Powers Act memberikan perlindungan privasi yang memadai selama operasi pengawasan massal.

Sekretaris Rumah Suella Braverman adalah anggota Komite Seleksi Bersama yang meninjau draf RUU Kekuatan Investigasi dari November 2015 hingga Februari 2016, dan dikatakan memiliki pemahaman yang baik tentang masalah yang dipertaruhkan.

Di bawah Bagian 260 dari Investigatory Powers Act, pemerintah diwajibkan secara hukum untuk meninjau Investigatory Powers Act 5 tahun enam bulan setelah menerima Royal Assent pada bulan November 2016, dan menyerahkan salinan tinjauan tersebut kepada Parlemen.

Intersepsi massal

Sommer mengatakan bahwa selain kesulitan yang ditimbulkan oleh IPA atas bukti pencegatan, ada juga kesulitan memisahkan data komunikasi yang dapat diterima secara hukum dari konten yang tidak dapat diterima dalam email berbasis web dan layanan media sosial.

Dia mengatakan bahwa ada kasus yang kuat untuk Komite Intelijen dan Keamanan Parlemen untuk meninjau ruang lingkup dan operasi intersepsi massal dan surat perintah akuisisi.

“Surat perintah semacam itu mau tidak mau mengumpulkan informasi dari orang yang sama sekali tidak bersalah jika mereka mungkin bersalah atas sesuatu,” katanya.

Meskipun Investigatory Powers Act mengesahkan peretasan negara sebagai “gangguan peralatan” dan mengizinkan bukti yang diperoleh dengan cara ini untuk digunakan sebagai bukti di pengadilan, Sommer mengatakan bahwa tidak seperti bentuk bukti digital lainnya, tidak ada prosedur operasi standar “untuk memastikan integritas dan keandalan hasil.”

Setiap tinjauan pemerintah juga akan diharapkan untuk menilai kinerja dari Kantor untuk Otorisasi Data (OCDA), sebuah badan yang dibentuk pada Maret 2019 – setelah IPA 2016 diberlakukan – untuk meninjau aplikasi oleh badan pemerintah untuk mengakses metadata tentang penggunaan telepon, email, dan internet individu dari perusahaan telepon dan internet.

OCDA, yang didirikan untuk mengelola 200.000 permintaan per tahun dari 600 badan publik untuk mengakses data komunikasi, yang mencakup informasi seperti pengirim dan penerima email, waktu pengirimannya, dan bagian pertama dari URL situs web yang dikunjungi .

Menurut Investigatory Powers Commissioner’s Office (IPCO), the organisasi mempekerjakan sekitar 100 orang, di dua kantor di Manchester dan Birmingham, yang bertindak sebagai titik kontak bagi lembaga pemerintah yang mencari data komunikasi antara pukul 07.00 hingga 22.00, tujuh hari seminggu.

Home Office menolak untuk menjawab pertanyaan dari Computer Weekly tentang kewajiban hukumnya untuk meninjau IPA.

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